A star is a massive, luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the energy on Earth. Other stars are visible in the night sky, when they are not outshone by the Sun. For most of its life, a star shines due to thermonuclear fusion in its core releasing energy that traverses the star's interior and then radiates into outer space. Almost all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created by fusion processes in stars.
Astronomers can determine the mass, age, chemical composition and many other properties of a star by observing its spectrum, luminosity and motion through space. The total mass of a star is the principal determinant in its evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star are determined by its evolutionary history, including the diameter, rotation, movement and temperature. A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities, known as a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (HR diagram), allows the age and evolutionary state of a star to be determined.
A star begins as a collapsing cloud of material composed primarily of hydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements. Once the stellar core is sufficiently dense, some of the hydrogen is steadily converted into helium through the process of nuclear fusion.[1] The remainder of the star's interior carries energy away from the core through a combination of radiative and convective processes. The star's internal pressure prevents it from collapsing further under its own gravity. Once the hydrogen fuel at the core is exhausted, those stars having at least 0.4 times the mass of the Sun[2] expand to become a red giant, in some cases fusing heavier elements at the core or in shells around the core. The star then evolves into a degenerate form, recycling a portion of the matter into the interstellar environment, where it will form a new generation of stars with a higher proportion of heavy elements.[3]
Binary and multi-star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound, and generally move around each other in stable orbits. When two such stars have a relatively close orbit, their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star
Στην Αστρονομία γενικά αστέρας (star) ή απλανής (σε αντιδιαστολή με τον πλανήτη), ονομάζεται το κάθε ουράνιο σώμα που διατηρεί όλες εκείνες τις ιδιότητες του δικού μας Ηλίου πέριξ του οποίου περιστρέφεται η Γη. Συνεπώς όλοι οι αστέρες είναι Ήλιοι εκ των οποίων και παρατηρείται κατάστικτος ο ουράνιος θόλος.
Κατά την Αστροφυσική ο κάθε αστέρας είναι ένα λαμπερό αέριο ουράνιο σώμα που παράγει ενέργεια από πυρηνικές αντιδράσεις σύντηξης που συμβαίνουν στον πυρήνα του. Όταν η μάζα του σώματός του είναι μικρότερη από 0.08 φορές της μάζας του ήλιου οι πιέσεις και οι θερμοκρασίες που αναπτύσσονται στο κέντρο του, δεν επαρκούν προκειμένου να αρχίσουν οι πυρηνικές συντήξεις. Επομένως η μάζα όλων των αστέρων είναι μεγαλύτερη από την ανωτέρω ποσότητα.
Παρατηρώντας κυρίως τη νύκτα, στον Ουράνιο θόλο, τους αστέρες διαπιστώνεται ότι αυτοί δεν κατανέμονται ομοιόμορφα σ΄ αυτόν, ενώ παρουσιάζουν κάποια ευδιάκριτα συμπλέγματα τα οποία και ονομάζονται αστερισμοί.
http://tinyurl.com/64m948
